Papers by Klaus Heinrich Raditio
International Journal of Asian Studies
Studies on Indonesia–China relations have emphasized the central role of Indonesia's domestic... more Studies on Indonesia–China relations have emphasized the central role of Indonesia's domestic politics in shaping its foreign policy toward China. However, there has been little discussion on the context in which and the extent to which internal struggles for power have contributed to shape Indonesia's China policy. Contributing to such a discussion, this article specifically focuses on the roles of Indonesian Islamist groups in affecting Jakarta–Beijing ties. It examines their political maneuvers in responses to the attitudes and policies of two governments, the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004–2014) administration and that of Joko “Jokowi” Widodo (2014–), on China-related foreign policy issues. Both Yudhoyono's and Jokowi's governments display the same friendly attitude toward China. On the South China Sea issues, nevertheless, Jokowi's government adopts tougher measures against China's maneuvers. Despite Jokowi's implementation of such policy, the Islami...
The Limits of Populism: SBY and Jokowi’s Strategies on the South China Sea Issue
Shaping Smart and Health Ageing, 2022
Minding the Grassroots: Celebrating 70 Years of Sino-Indonesia Relations amid the Coronavirus Pandemic
Understanding China’s Behaviour in the South China Sea
Understanding China’s Behaviour in the South China Sea
Understanding China’s Behaviour in the South China Sea
China's Defection in the South China Sea: Its Development, Rationale and Limitations
This chapter contends that the litmus test of being a genuine defensive realist state is China’s ... more This chapter contends that the litmus test of being a genuine defensive realist state is China’s South China Sea (SCS) behaviour, in which China has so much at stake. A defensive realist state sends costly signal bearing the political cost. In the context of the SCS, the costly signals are (1) openness to non-military solutions, (2) self-restraint, and (3) reassurance policies.
Understanding China’s Behaviour in the South China Sea
Security Dilemma Between China and Other South China Sea Claimant States
This chapter applies the concept of security dilemma between China on one side and “other claiman... more This chapter applies the concept of security dilemma between China on one side and “other claimants” on the opposite side. Even though the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei do not establish an alliance, they share anxiety of China’s potential of being offensive. On the other hand, China is anxious about controlling the South China Sea and the intervention of external power.
Security Dilemma Between China vis-à-vis the United States of America in the South China Sea
The South China Sea (SCS) is in the interest of external powers, particularly the US. There are s... more The South China Sea (SCS) is in the interest of external powers, particularly the US. There are some difference between the security dilemma between China vis-a-vis other claimants and China vis-a-vis the US. The first difference is that the Sino-US security dilemma (SUSD) is only a reflection of wider rivalry between the two. The second is neither China nor the US defects in the SCS.
China’s Interests in the South China Sea
Whether China is defensive or offensive realist state can be tested from its interests. This chap... more Whether China is defensive or offensive realist state can be tested from its interests. This chapter discusses China’s interests in five main fields, namely resources, security, geopolitics, Taiwan, and the Party’s legitimacy.
China’s Claim in the South China Sea
China and Vietnam claim the whole South China Sea (SCS), while the Philippines, Malaysia, and Bru... more China and Vietnam claim the whole South China Sea (SCS), while the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei claim parts of it. China illustrates its SCS claim with the controversial nine-dash line map. This chapter verifies if China’s claim has basis according to the international norm and free from expansionist ambition; otherwise, it cannot be said defensive realist state.
Theoretical Framework: Security Dilemma Reconsidered
The chapter presents the works of prominent scholars in international relations, especially from ... more The chapter presents the works of prominent scholars in international relations, especially from realist tradition. Security dilemma finds its foundation in the classical works of Butterfield, Hertz, and Jervis. The real definition of security dilemma must stick to the original idea of these scholars. It consists of three constitutive elements: uncertainty, lack of malign intention, and self-defeating (paradoxical) policies. These elements must exist for security dilemma to apply. In addition, this chapter also discusses the differences between offensive and defensive realism—which set a solid foundation to understand China’s behaviour in the South China Sea.
China and the Tension in the South China Sea: A Defensive Realist Perspective
Over the past five years, China’s behaviour in the South China Sea (SCS) has been described as as... more Over the past five years, China’s behaviour in the South China Sea (SCS) has been described as assertive, aggressive or even abrasive by many scholars. Certainly, the majority of scholars, both in the West and China, suggest a shift in China’s behaviour in the region from that of the previous period in the aftermath of the 1995 Mischief Reef Incident. This paper aims to offer an explanation for the tension in the SCS from a defensive realist perspective. The main proposition is that a situation of illusory incompatibility exists among claimants in the SCS, which leads to a security dilemma. Moreover, this paper also suggests that China possesses sufficient resources to mitigate the tension in the SCS. However, for a number of reasons, it does little to initiate reassurance towards other claimants in the SCS. In the near future, tension will continue in the SCS, unless significant change takes place in the factors that render China reluctant to initiate reassurance. Keywords: China South China Sea Defensive Realism
ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2020
Indonesia's Regional Role: Understanding China's Attitude towards International Law
China's Shifting Behaviour in the South China Sea: A Defensive Realist Perspective
https://www.edocr.com/v/y9x4z7v0/krad4572/Chinas-Shifting-Behaviour-in-the-South-China-Sea
Over the past five years, China's behaviour in the South China Sea (SCS) has been described as as... more Over the past five years, China's behaviour in the South China Sea (SCS) has been described as assertive, aggressive or even abrasive by many scholars. Certainly the majority of scholars, both in the West and China, suggest a shift in China's behaviour in the region from that of the previous period in the aftermath of the 1995 Mischief Reef Incident. this paper aims to offer an explanation for China's behaviour in the SCS from a defensive realist perspective. the main proposition is that a situation of illusory incompatibility exists among claimants in the SCS that leads to a security dillema. the security dilemma eventually leads to China's defection in the 2012 Scarborough Shoal occupation. Moreover, this paper also suggests that China possess sufficient resources to mitigate the tension in the SCS. However, for a number of reasons, the country does little to initiate reassurance towards other claimants in the SCS. In the near future, tension will continue in the SCS, unless significant change takes place in the factors that render China reluctant to initiate reassurance.
China and the Tension in the South China Sea: A Defensive Realist Perspective
Over the past five years, China’s behaviour in the South China Sea (SCS) has been described as as... more Over the past five years, China’s behaviour in the South China Sea (SCS) has been described as assertive, aggressive or even abrasive by many scholars. Certainly, the majority of scholars, both in the West and China, suggest a shift in China’s behaviour in the region from that of the previous period in the aftermath of the 1995 Mischief Reef Incident. This paper aims to offer an explanation for the tension in the SCS from a defensive realist perspective. The main proposition is that a situation of illusory incompatibility exists among claimants in the SCS, which leads to a security dilemma. Moreover, this paper also suggests that China possesses sufficient resources to mitigate the tension in the SCS. However, for a number of reasons, it does little to initiate reassurance towards other claimants in the SCS. In the near future, tension will continue in the SCS, unless significant change takes place in the factors that render China reluctant to initiate reassurance.
Keywords: China South China Sea Defensive Realism
Security Dilemma Reconsidered
https://www.edocr.com/v/9llkqgr9/krad4572/Security-Dilemma-Reconsidered
One of the most important concepts in International Relations (IR) is that of security dilemma. T... more One of the most important concepts in International Relations (IR) is that of security dilemma. The study of IR is not complete without understanding it. Many scholarly works have been devoted to clarifying it; however, there is no consensus on its definition and application in international politics. Some scholars argue that the confusion and ambiguity surrounding the concept is due to a lack of definitional rigour. This paper aims to enrich its discussion by placing it in the context of defensive realist theory. In particular, it offers new ideas on the origins of the concept by discussing the concepts spiral, deterrence and defection. While scholarly contributions have certainly sought to bring clarity to the concept of security dilemma, and thus serve as a useful reference, they are also in need of critical review, something also attempted in this paper.
Keywords: security dilemma, spiral, deterrence, defection.
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Papers by Klaus Heinrich Raditio
Keywords: China South China Sea Defensive Realism
Keywords: security dilemma, spiral, deterrence, defection.